A comparative study of natural radioactivity and associated radiological hazards of imported sanitary ware products sold in Kenya

Natural radioisotopes are present in all ceramic products used in building construction at varying rates. The primary source of outdoor radiation that residents of homes or workplaces are exposed to is these radioisotopes. Determining the radiation levels of ceramic items used in buildings is crucial. In this investigation, Thallium doped sodium iodide detector NaI(Ti) was used to measure the natural radioactivity levels (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) in twelve ceramic sanitary ware products manufactured in India, China and Uganda imported and used in Kenya. For the studied samples, the average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radionuclides were 19.5±0.99Bq/kg, 89.75±4.49Bq/kg and 405.75±20.29Bq/kg for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K respectively. With the exception of the average 232Th concentration of studied samples, these results are lower than the global average values (50, 50, and 500 Bq/kg).Values for radium equivalent activity (Raeq), gamma index (Iγ), external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (HIn), absorbed dose rate (ADR), annual effective dose (AED), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were also computed in order to assess the radiological risks resulting from naturally occurring radionuclides of the ceramic sanitary ware samples under examination. The mean of the radioactive hazard parameters (Raeq, Iγ, Hex, HIn ,D, and AEDE,) computed for every sample of ceramic sanitary equipment was discovered to be below the upper bounds suggested by global organization safe for ELCR which registered slightly higher values.